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Classification of Organisms

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Classification of Organisms

The classification of living organisms has been controversial throughout time, and these schemes are among those in use today. Top: Aristotle’s system distinguished only between plants and animals on the basis of movement, feeding mechanism, and growth patterns. This system groups prokaryotes, algae, and fungi with the plants, and moving, feeding protozoa with the animals. Center: The increasing sophistication of laboratory methods and equipment, however, revealed the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, prompting a classification system that reflects them. Bottom: Most recently, five kingdoms have emerged to take both cellular organization and mode of nutrition into account.


Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 bc) grouped life forms as either plant or animal. Microscopic organisms were unknown.
    Plants Animals        
Plants Animals
Fungi
In 1735 Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus formalized the use of two Latin names to identify each organism, a system called binomial nomenclature. He grouped closely related organisms and introduced the modern classification groups: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Single-celled organisms were observed but not classified.
Kingdom:   Plantae Animalia        
Organisms: Plants Animals
Fungi
In 1866 German biologist Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom, Protista, to include all single-celled organisms. Some taxonomists also placed simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds, in Kingdom Protista. Bacteria, which lack nuclei, were placed in a separate group within Protista called Monera.
Kingdom:   Protista Plantae Animalia      
Organisms: All single-celled organisms, such as amoebas and diatoms, and sometimes simple multicellular organisms such as seaweeds. Plants Animals
In 1938 American biologist Herbert Copeland proposed a fourth kingdom, Monera, to include only bacteria. This was the first classification proposal to separate organisms without nuclei, called prokaryotes, from organisms with nuclei, called eukaryotes, at the kingdom level.
    PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES        
Kingdom:   Monera (Prokaryote) Protista Plantae Animalia    
Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms, and other single-celled eukaryotes, and sometimes simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds. Plants
Fungi
Animals
In 1957 American biologist Robert H. Whittaker proposed a fifth kingdom, Fungi, based on fungi’s unique structure and method of obtaining food. Fungi do not ingest food as animals do, nor do they make their own food, as plants do; rather, they secrete digestive enzymes around their food and then absorb it into their cells.
Kingdom:   Monera (Prokaryote) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia  
Organisms: Bacteria Amoebas, diatoms, and other single-celled eukaryotes, and sometimes simple multicellular organisms, such as seaweeds. Multicellular, filamentous organisms that absorb food Multicellular organisms that obtain food through photosynthesis Multicellular organisms that ingest food
In 1990 American molecular biologist Carl Woese proposed a new category, called a Domain, to reflect evidence from nucleic acid studies that more precisely reveal evolutionary or family, relationships. He suggested three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya, based largely on the type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells.
  PROKARYOTES     EUKARYOTES      
Domain: Archaea Bacteria Eucarya
Kingdom: Crenarchaeota Euryachaeota Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Organisms: Ancient bacteria that produce methane Ancient bacteria that grow in high temperatures

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2010. © 1993-2009 Microsoft Corporation.



Another table in this regard

Linnaeus
1735
2 kingdoms
Haeckel
1866
3 kingdoms
Chatton
1937
2 empires
Copeland
1956
4 kingdoms
Whittaker
1969
5 kingdoms
Woese et al.
1977
6 kingdoms
Woese et al.
1990
3 domains
(not treated) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea
Eukaryota Protista Protista Protista Eukarya
Vegetabilia Plantae Fungi Fungi
Plantae Plantae Plantae
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

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Naeem Javid Muhammad Hassani is working as Conservator of Forests in Balochistan Forest & Wildlife Department (BFWD). He is the CEO of Tech Urdu (techurdu.net) Forestrypedia (forestrypedia.com), All Pak Notifications (allpaknotifications.com), Essayspedia, etc & their YouTube Channels). He is an Environmentalist, Blogger, YouTuber, Developer & Vlogger.

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